(i) Constitution of India
- Preamble to the Constitution
- Text and significance of the Preamble
- Interpretation of key terms: Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic, Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
- Salient Features of the Constitution
- Lengthiest written constitution
- Blend of rigidity and flexibility
- Federal system with unitary bias
- Parliamentary form of government
- Fundamental Rights and Duties
- Directive Principles of State Policy
- Independent judiciary
- Bicameralism
- Secular state
- Union, State, and Union Territory
- Structure of the Union and State governments
- Differences between states and union territories
- Powers and functions of the Union and State governments
(ii) Citizenship, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, Directive Principles of State Policy
- Citizenship
- Constitutional provisions
- Modes of acquiring and losing citizenship
- Rights and duties of citizens
- Fundamental Rights
- Right to Equality
- Right to Freedom
- Right against Exploitation
- Right to Freedom of Religion
- Cultural and Educational Rights
- Right to Constitutional Remedies
- Restrictions and enforcement
- Fundamental Duties
- List of Fundamental Duties
- Significance and need for Fundamental Duties
- Directive Principles of State Policy
- Classification: Socialist, Gandhian, Liberal-Intellectual
- Importance and implementation
- Comparison with Fundamental Rights
(iii) Union Executive, Union Legislature, State Executive, State Legislature, Local Governments, Panchayat Raj
- Union Executive
- President of India: Election, powers, and functions, impeachment process
- Vice-President of India: Election, powers, and functions
- Prime Minister and Council of Ministers: Appointment, powers, functions, and role
- Attorney General of India: Appointment, powers, and functions
- Union Legislature
- Parliament: Structure, composition, and functions
- Lok Sabha: Composition, powers, functions, role of the Speaker
- Rajya Sabha: Composition, powers, functions, role of the Chairman
- Legislative Process: How a bill becomes a law, types of bills
- Parliamentary Committees: Standing and ad hoc committees
- State Executive
- Governor: Appointment, powers, and functions
- Chief Minister and Council of Ministers: Appointment, powers, functions, and role
- Advocate General of the State: Appointment, powers, and functions
- State Legislature
- Legislative Assembly: Composition, powers, and functions
- Legislative Council: Composition, powers, and functions (where applicable)
- Legislative Process: State legislative procedures
- Local Governments
- Structure and importance of local government
- Municipalities: Composition, powers, functions, and role in urban governance
- Municipal Corporations: Structure, powers, functions, and urban development
- Panchayat Raj
- 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act: Provisions and significance
- Structure and Functions of Panchayats: Village, intermediate, and district levels
- Role in Rural Development: Decentralization and empowerment of rural communities
(iv) Spirit of Federalism: Centre-State Relationships
- Centre-State Relationships
- Legislative Relations: Distribution of powers, Union List, State List, Concurrent List
- Administrative Relations: Role of the Governor, inter-state councils, central-state cooperation
- Financial Relations: Finance Commission, grants-in-aid, sharing of taxes
- Mechanisms for Resolving Disputes: Inter-State Council, role of the judiciary
- Federalism in India
- Features and significance of Indian federalism
- Cooperative federalism and competitive federalism
- Issues and challenges in Centre-State relations
(v) Election, Judiciary in India, Rule of Law
- Election
- Election Commission of India: Powers, functions, and independence
- Electoral Process: Conduct of general, state, and local elections
- Electoral Reforms: Measures to improve the electoral process, voter awareness
- Judiciary in India
- Structure of the Judiciary: Supreme Court, High Courts, Subordinate Courts
- Jurisdiction and Powers of the Supreme Court and High Courts: Original, appellate, advisory, and writ jurisdictions
- Judicial Review: Concept and significance
- Judicial Activism: Role and impact
- Independence of the Judiciary: Constitutional provisions and challenges
- Rule of Law
- Concept and principles of the rule of law
- Role in protecting citizens’ rights
- Importance in a democratic society
(vi) Corruption in Public Life, Anti-Corruption Measures, Lokpal and Lok Ayukta, Right to Information, Empowerment of Women, Consumer Protection Forums, Human Rights Charter
- Corruption in Public Life
- Causes and consequences of corruption
- Impact on governance and development
- Measures to combat corruption
- Anti-Corruption Measures
- Legislation and Initiatives: Prevention of Corruption Act, various amendments
- Institutions: Role of Central Vigilance Commission (CVC), Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), and other agencies
- Lokpal and Lok Ayukta
- Concept and Significance: Ombudsman for public grievances
- Structure and Powers: Lokpal at the Centre, Lok Ayuktas in states
- Role in Ensuring Accountability: Mechanisms for investigating corruption
- Right to Information (RTI)
- Provisions of the RTI Act: Objectives, process of obtaining information
- Role in Promoting Transparency and Accountability: Impact on governance
- Empowerment of Women
- Constitutional Provisions: Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles
- Legal Measures: Laws against domestic violence, dowry prohibition, equal inheritance rights
- Government Schemes and Policies: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Women Helpline Scheme, Mahila Shakti Kendras
- Role of National Commission for Women: Structure, functions, and initiatives
- Consumer Protection Forums
- Consumer Protection Act: Rights of consumers, mechanisms for redressal
- Structure and Functions of Consumer Forums: District, state, and national levels
- Mechanisms for Addressing Consumer Grievances: Process of filing complaints, penalties
- Human Rights Charter
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Key articles and their significance
- National Human Rights Commission (NHRC): Structure, functions, and powers
- Protection and Promotion of Human Rights in India: Constitutional provisions, role of NGOs, and civil society
