Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution

Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution

1. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)
   • Article 14: Equality before the law and equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.
   • Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
   • Article 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
   • Article 17: Abolition of untouchability and prohibition of its practice in any form.
   • Article 18: Abolition of titles except military and academic distinctions.
2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)
   • Article 19: Protection of six freedoms:
     • Freedom of speech and expression
     • Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms
     • Freedom to form associations or unions
     • Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India
     • Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India
     • Freedom to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade, or business
   • Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offenses, including protection against retrospective criminal legislation, double jeopardy, and self-incrimination.
   • Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty; no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
   • Article 21A: Right to education; the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years.
   • Article 22: Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases, with safeguards against arbitrary detention.
3. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)
   • Article 23: Prohibition of human trafficking and forced labor.
   • Article 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories and hazardous employment.
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)
   • Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion.
   • Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs.
   • Article 27: Freedom from payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
   • Article 28: Freedom from attending religious instruction or worship in certain educational institutions.
5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)
   • Article 29: Protection of interests of minorities by ensuring the right to conserve their language, script, or culture.
   • Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
   • Article 32: Right to move the Supreme Court and High Courts for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. This includes the power to issue writs such as habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari.